Financial

U.S.

Export controls can accelerate innovation by forcing substitution China’s AI stack shows rapid adaptation under GPU limits Education must train for constraints, secure compute, and resilient supply chains The fastest st

EU firms keep investing despite weaker growth and falling U.S.

Through 2023, trade decoupling welfare held up as flows re-routed rather than collapsed New tariffs and export controls in 2024–2025 risk delayed cost spikes and shortages by 2026 Protect education: keep open lanes, diversify sourcing, and lean on services

Specialized banks help firms but amplify shocks in their niche Concentration risk—now visible in CRE—can turn local downturns into credit crunches Policy should “specialise, but insure” with sectoral buffers, syndication, and clean risk transfer

East and West govern schools differently These institutional differences shaped learning losses and recovery Western systems need directed autonomy; Asian systems need lighter admin with teacher discretion One crucial figu

The EU can’t act like a federation with a 1–1.5% GNI budget A modest EU federal tax with conditional budgeting would fund shared projects and defuse North–South distributional fights Pair ETS/CBAM/CORE revenues with strict caps and transparency to build consent and repay common debt

Adjusted deflators reveal hidden gains in US manufacturing productivity The bottleneck is skills, not machines Scale capital-intensive training, stackable credentials, and adult apprenticeships The standard view sugges

Services trade is increasingly borderless and digital Tariffs miss; data rules, licensing, and standards decide access Train for exportable skills and build trust-based regimes to unlock growth In 2024, the world exporte

Firms under competition cut jobs, switch lines, or move tasks offshore Schools need a skills policy for competition: fast, stackable, portable training Fund future-shaping sectors and track outcomes so workers can switch quickly <

Extra information helps only when it adds new, orthogonal signal and is easy to process Central banks and schools should use plain anchors and concrete rules to trigger a Bayesian information update Measure belief shifts, not word counts, and iterate when messages fail to move the posterior

Diverse central bank messages help schools manage borrowing and risk Single-voice guidance can harm welfare via the Hirshleifer effect Adopt disciplined plurality: fixed venues, ranges, and scenario-based planning When

Wage volatility is widespread, especially in low-income, hourly education jobs Fixed-wage mandates shift risk to hours and jobs, not remove it Schools should share risk with guaranteed hours, predictability pay, lawful overtime, and work-sharing

Retail investing is up; teach people to earn the market, not chase alpha. Use low fees, diversification, and cool-off safeguards to curb herding and fraud—especially for seniors Tie curricula to app defaults so good habits are automatic and long-term wealth compounds

Europe isn’t short on capital or degrees; it’s short on TFP The fix is leadership that scales tech, intangibles, and management practice Educators, policymakers, and CEOs should fund intangibles and integrate AI in SME training

Communism did not reduce inequality more than other regimes and lowered overall welfare Europe’s welfare capitalism cuts disposable-income gaps through taxes, transfers, and strong delivery systems Tie school funding, time, and data to disadvantage to shrink learning gaps fast

Credible budgets cut inflation Rising defense and debt threaten school funding Multi-year fiscal plans can protect education In May 2010, Greece initiated a significant one-year budget cut in the euro area, reducing i

Europe must shift from cheap capital to quality allocation Skilled investors channeling funds to R&D lift productivity and GDP far more than lower spreads Deliver it with a safe asset, harmonised disclosure, scale-up capital, and university pipelines that measure quality

Forecast errors turned a supply shock into larger welfare losses; “look-through” amplified them Make look-through state-contingent with public shock decompositions and automatic triggers Shield schools via indexed budgets, pooled energy hedging, and efficiency investments that cut volatile costs